"},"url":"https://www.angi.com/companylist/us/nv/sparks/home-energy-experts-reviews-8361455.htm"},"position":4},{"@type":"ListItem","item":{"@type":"LocalBusiness","name":"All Hours Air LLC","address":{"@type":"PostalAddress","addressRegion":"NV","addressCountry":"US"},"review":{"@type":"Review","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Carol M."},"reviewBody":"Very professional and excellent service. Will call for Air conditioning install next spring. Prompt and expert advice and very personable and knowledgeable. Would recommend for help with any heat and ac service/install needed. Excellent price/discount for weekend service! "},"url":"https://www.angi.com/companylist/us/nv/sparks/all-hours-air-llc-reviews-7367715.htm"},"position":5},{"@type":"ListItem","item":{"@type":"LocalBusiness","name":"DeHart Plumbing, Heating, & Air","address":{"@type":"PostalAddress","addressRegion":"NV","addressCountry":"US"},"review":{"@type":"Review","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"KATHLEEN M."},"reviewBody":"Everything went extremely well. The crew of 5 arrived approximately 30 minutes late do to a back up at the metal fabricators shop. From then on everything went perfectly. The old units were taken out and carted away. Overhanging bushes were cut away from the new A/C compressor and equipment was installed. A small trench was dug under my condo and a new pipe was installed to carry away the and quot;condensateand quot;. This had not been done 37 years ago, and had not been in the cost of the installation. The furnace was installed, hooked up to the thermostat, and the job was done. The whole job was completed in 5 hours. The place was completely cleaned up. The heat/cool schedule was set up for me. The bill was presented and I paid it in full. A JOB VERY WELL DONE. I have been using the new system for about a year now. I was comfortable both summer and winter. MUCH more comfortable than I had been with the old units. AND THE POWER BILL WENT DOWN A LITTLE ON THE BUDGET PLAN. HURRAH !!! "},"url":"https://www.angi.com/companylist/us/nv/sparks/dehart-plumbing%2C-heating%2C-and-air-reviews-5178248.htm"},"position":6},{"@type":"ListItem","item":{"@type":"LocalBusiness","name":"Allen Plumbing Heating & Air Conditioning","address":{"@type":"PostalAddress","addressRegion":"NV","addressCountry":"US"},"review":{"@type":"Review","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Kimberly B."},"reviewBody":"We have also used them to add gas lines to the kitchen and laundry room as well as install a new furnace, water heater and A/C. We love them. "},"url":"https://www.angi.com/companylist/us/nv/reno/allen-plumbing-heating-and-air-conditioning-reviews-2306890.htm"},"position":7},{"@type":"ListItem","item":{"@type":"LocalBusiness","name":"Renslow Heating & Air Conditioning Inc","address":{"@type":"PostalAddress","addressRegion":"NV","addressCountry":"US"},"review":{"@type":"Review","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Irene D."},"reviewBody":"Our furnace broke down on a Sunday afternoon during a very cold week in Reno, NV. I called Renslow's Heating and Air Conditioning out of Fernley, NV for help on Monday morning. We had worked with them before several years earlier and were quite happy with the service and expertise offered. That Monday morning, Renslow's was completely booked up with service calls so the owner of the company drove up to Reno (45 minutes away) after hours to look at the furnace. We weren't even charged for the service call! That is unheard of anymore!! After inspecting the furnace, he found the problem and we discussed the issues of repairing the unit or replacing it. The unit was 19 years old and made to most awful racket. After debating the pro's and con's of repairing or replacing my husband and I decided we would like to replace it due to the units age. We felt comfortable with our decision since Mr. Renslow didn't try to talk us into a new unit. He honestly said it could be repaired and still give us heat but we opted for the replacement because like an old car, once things start to go you never know when it will break down again. We were given three written options on the type/model of furnace we could choose to go with and was even given a best price for value option highlighted in the bid. We researched the options and prices listed and found them to be well within reason. After making our decision, we scheduled the installation for Friday at 9:00 a. m. We used a couple of space heaters we had to keep ourselves somewhat comfortable until the installation day arrived. Mr. Renslow and an apprentice arrived prompty and spent the next 3 - 4 hours installing the new unit. They were professionally attired, neat, clean and ready with a smile. They took care with our carpet near the furnace by placing a tarp down to prevent any accidental damage. After running the new unit for a while, the whole house was warm and welcoming again. No more space heaters! I highly recommend Renslowand quot;s Heating and Air Conditioning for any of your heating or cooling needs. Mr. Renslow is honest, prompt, knowledgeable and an expert in his field. You can't go wrong with choosing his company whether you live in Fernley, Fallon, Reno or anywhere else in between. For your convenience his company number is 775-575-2407. Sincerely, Irene and Jim Durand Reno, NV
"},"url":"https://www.angi.com/companylist/us/nv/fernley/renslow-heating-and-air-conditioning-inc-reviews-6120475.htm"},"position":8},{"@type":"ListItem","item":{"@type":"LocalBusiness","name":"Reno Heating & Air","address":{"@type":"PostalAddress","addressRegion":"NV","addressCountry":"US"},"review":{"@type":"Review","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Christie W."},"reviewBody":"We wanted to convert from oil heat to gas and install a new air conditioner. I have used Reno Heating and Air to service my heater for a few years and they have always done right by me. I did get two other estimates for the job, and although Reno Heating and Air was not the least expensive, coming in at the middle, John was great at explaining all of my options to me and taking the time to answer all of my questions. I felt like he was very honest instead of trying to sell me more heater than I needed for my small house. Also, they provided a decommissioning of the oil tank as part of their service and I felt like their estimate was the most comprehensive. Chris in the office is very professional and a pleasure to work with. This person coordinated the work with NV Energy on the gas lines and meters. Although this job was interrupted by the Thanksgiving holiday and a storm that produced flooding around the valley, Reno Heating and Air was very professional and worked hard to ensure that heat was restored quickly. Their techs were very competent and a pleasure to work with. Overall, I am extremely happy with my new heater. It works exactly as it is supposed to. They took the time to explain how the new thermostat works and ensure that I knew how to use it. No more being blasted by too much heat and frozen by too little. Best of all, no more huge monthly oil bills. I would definitely recommend Reno Heating to anyone looking to install a new heater or service an existing one. "},"url":"https://www.angi.com/companylist/us/nv/sparks/reno-heating-and-air-reviews-2496393.htm"},"position":9},{"@type":"ListItem","item":{"@type":"LocalBusiness","name":"Raleigh Heating & Air","address":{"@type":"PostalAddress","addressRegion":"NV","addressCountry":"US"},"review":{"@type":"Review","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Ellen G."},"reviewBody":"They consistently have a good price, good work ethic, and personable and professional technicians and staff. Every time we've called them we've been impressed by how quickly and easily they have addressed whatever problem we're having. If you have a problem with your HVAC and need someone to just handle it, without causing you any extra headaches or unreasonable prices, these are your guys. They're great!"},"url":"https://www.angi.com/companylist/us/nc/raleigh/raleigh-heating-and-air-reviews-280829.htm"},"position":10}]}
Heating And Air Conditioning Service reviews from real Angi homeowners in Reno, NV
Last update on October 14, 2025
Melissa P.
1.0
10/2024
Unresolved HVAC Issues and Poor Customer Service We first contacted A&R Complete Service in early September because our HVAC unit wasn’t working. The system would only blow air constantly and wouldn’t turn off. A tech came out and “fixed” the issue. The air conditioner started working, but...
David M.
5.0
10/2022
Connie's crew ( Chad and Randall) showed up early on the appointed day to do a furnace change out. The did a fantastic installation in a very few hours. I could not be happier with the great customer service from this company! Connie and Aaron gave me a great price and Chad and Randall were...
Keith M.
5.0
12/2017
I purchased a new furnace and a/c from RHP as part of the Costco rebate program and am very pleased with the results. Their estimator did a thorough evaluation of my house including doing a detailed calculation of the system I need to heat and cool my house. The installers were exceptional...
Thomas W.
3.0
02/2015
I have done business with this company for almost 50 years. They installed the heating and air systems in two of our homes and have serviced same for years. I was shocked at the estimate for this work, so I contacted another business for comparison. This other company got the job. Did the...
Carol M.
5.0
09/2014
Very professional and excellent service. Will call for Air conditioning install next spring. Prompt and expert advice and very personable and knowledgeable. Would recommend for help with any heat and ac service/install needed. Excellent price/discount for weekend service!
Kathleen M.
5.0
06/2014
Everything went extremely well. The crew of 5 arrived approximately 30 minutes late do to a back up at the metal fabricators shop. From then on everything went perfectly. The old units were taken out and carted away. Overhanging bushes were cut away from the new A/C compressor and equipment...
Kimberly B.
5.0
04/2014
We have also used them to add gas lines to the kitchen and laundry room as well as install a new furnace, water heater and A/C. We love them.
Irene D.
5.0
03/2013
Our furnace broke down on a Sunday afternoon during a very cold week in Reno, NV. I called Renslow's Heating and Air Conditioning out of Fernley, NV for help on Monday morning. We had worked with them before several years earlier and were quite happy with the service and expertise offered. ...
Christie W.
5.0
01/2013
We wanted to convert from oil heat to gas and install a new air conditioner. I have used Reno Heating and Air to service my heater for a few years and they have always done right by me. I did get two other estimates for the job, and although Reno Heating and Air was not the least expensive,...
Ellen G.
5.0
08/2012
They consistently have a good price, good work ethic, and personable and professional technicians and staff. Every time we've called them we've been impressed by how quickly and easily they have addressed whatever problem we're having. If you have a problem with your HVAC and need someone...
Service, repair and maintenance on ALL gas fired furnaces, heat pumps, VRF, mini split and Air conditioning systems. Specializing in all refrigeration equipment, walk in coolers, walk-in freezers, ice machines and restaurant equipment. Big city service, small town Heart.
"I'm so happy I went with Hometown Air for my furnace/heat pump project. They were amazing to work with and very focused on customer service. Everything was clearly explained throughout the process. Ryan is extremely knowledgeable and took the time to make sure I knew what happening with the project. The end result is beyond what I hoped for."
Heidi L on March 2025
Service, repair and maintenance on ALL gas fired furnaces, heat pumps, VRF, mini split and Air conditioning systems. Specializing in all refrigeration equipment, walk in coolers, walk-in freezers, ice machines and restaurant equipment. Big city service, small town Heart.
"I'm so happy I went with Hometown Air for my furnace/heat pump project. They were amazing to work with and very focused on customer service. Everything was clearly explained throughout the process. Ryan is extremely knowledgeable and took the time to make sure I knew what happening with the project. The end result is beyond what I hoped for."
Family Owned & Local Business. Thank you for any opportunity to serve your needs, we know you have a choice. See all the services we offer below and call -or- click to schedule an estimate today!
"The purpose of this “post” is to highlight the dismal service I recently received from Joe Ledkins, the owner of Precision Air of Northern Nevada LLC. The dialog below is exactly how it happened, start to finish. I would strongly NOT recommend Precision Air of Northern Nevada LLC for any residential service maintenance contract and/or HVAC / duct work. Here’s why: The following dialog occurs AFTER Joe has been to my home to look at the job and provide an estimate. As a sidenote, Joe showed up at my door, I pointed to the ceiling access to my furnace and he looked at me, embarrassed, and said, oh, I didn’t bring a ladder, it’s being used at another job. Do you have a ladder I can use? Really? That’s how it started. Todd (me) Hi Joe, I can do either next Tuesday or next Thursday for the ductwork. Let me know. Thanks. Joe It's looking like Thursday I will know more tomorrow Todd Deal. Thanks. Todd (he didn’t respond so I asked again) Hi Joe, What time on Thursday? Joe I will be working on the schedule this evening and tomorrow morning Be in touch soon Joe Hi Todd, Jose Mederos from Precision Air of Northern Nevada LLC is scheduled to arrive Fri, Sep 26 between 7:00am-9:00am. Todd We're on! Todd Hi Joe (on the 26th of September I ping Joe………) 7-9. It's almost 9 and nobody's here. Todd Joe I am running way behind this morning We fell way behind this week on another job Honestly, I would really appreciate it if we could reschedule but We will probably have to push you to the late this afternoon Todd You've got to be kidding me this really sucks. We have company coming at noon. Come now please. I'd be willing to reschedule if you can reduce cost by $100. Otherwise please come asap please. Joe I'm already doing this extremely inexpensive. I can get you in this afternoon It would be after 2 PM Todd Wow. Nope. We won't be here. I'll send you times for next week. Very disappointing. Joe Honestly, once people start getting disappointed, the relationship never gets better Let's cancel Todd (Joe never responded after he decided to “cancel”. Joe, No please. I've already set time on this. Let's get it done next Tuesday. Are we good for next week? Good morning Joe, (another try to have him do what he committed to do) I took the time to meet with you. I carried the ladder. We agreed on date and time. I didn't change anything. I'd appreciate you reconsidering doing what we agreed to and put me on the schedule. I’ve sense had the work done with Hometown Air. Less cost, on time, excellent technician and excellent service. I gave Hometown Air our service contract as well. See you later Joe, at Precision!"
Todd H on October 2025
Family Owned & Local Business. Thank you for any opportunity to serve your needs, we know you have a choice. See all the services we offer below and call -or- click to schedule an estimate today!
"The purpose of this “post” is to highlight the dismal service I recently received from Joe Ledkins, the owner of Precision Air of Northern Nevada LLC. The dialog below is exactly how it happened, start to finish. I would strongly NOT recommend Precision Air of Northern Nevada LLC for any residential service maintenance contract and/or HVAC / duct work. Here’s why: The following dialog occurs AFTER Joe has been to my home to look at the job and provide an estimate. As a sidenote, Joe showed up at my door, I pointed to the ceiling access to my furnace and he looked at me, embarrassed, and said, oh, I didn’t bring a ladder, it’s being used at another job. Do you have a ladder I can use? Really? That’s how it started. Todd (me) Hi Joe, I can do either next Tuesday or next Thursday for the ductwork. Let me know. Thanks. Joe It's looking like Thursday I will know more tomorrow Todd Deal. Thanks. Todd (he didn’t respond so I asked again) Hi Joe, What time on Thursday? Joe I will be working on the schedule this evening and tomorrow morning Be in touch soon Joe Hi Todd, Jose Mederos from Precision Air of Northern Nevada LLC is scheduled to arrive Fri, Sep 26 between 7:00am-9:00am. Todd We're on! Todd Hi Joe (on the 26th of September I ping Joe………) 7-9. It's almost 9 and nobody's here. Todd Joe I am running way behind this morning We fell way behind this week on another job Honestly, I would really appreciate it if we could reschedule but We will probably have to push you to the late this afternoon Todd You've got to be kidding me this really sucks. We have company coming at noon. Come now please. I'd be willing to reschedule if you can reduce cost by $100. Otherwise please come asap please. Joe I'm already doing this extremely inexpensive. I can get you in this afternoon It would be after 2 PM Todd Wow. Nope. We won't be here. I'll send you times for next week. Very disappointing. Joe Honestly, once people start getting disappointed, the relationship never gets better Let's cancel Todd (Joe never responded after he decided to “cancel”. Joe, No please. I've already set time on this. Let's get it done next Tuesday. Are we good for next week? Good morning Joe, (another try to have him do what he committed to do) I took the time to meet with you. I carried the ladder. We agreed on date and time. I didn't change anything. I'd appreciate you reconsidering doing what we agreed to and put me on the schedule. I’ve sense had the work done with Hometown Air. Less cost, on time, excellent technician and excellent service. I gave Hometown Air our service contract as well. See you later Joe, at Precision!"
We have a simple mission, to become the best provider of HVAC services in Northern Nevada. We have been working nonstop, providing excellent customer service at competitive prices to empower our diverse clients—from restaurants to school systems to homeowners. If you would like to know more about our services and our track record, give us a call today!
"They were amazing in office John and Bell and the tech Kyle was amazing they’re answered all my questions and the pricing was reasonable and done in a timely fashion! And I never felt like they were out to rip me off."
Chantel C on January 2025
We have a simple mission, to become the best provider of HVAC services in Northern Nevada. We have been working nonstop, providing excellent customer service at competitive prices to empower our diverse clients—from restaurants to school systems to homeowners. If you would like to know more about our services and our track record, give us a call today!
"They were amazing in office John and Bell and the tech Kyle was amazing they’re answered all my questions and the pricing was reasonable and done in a timely fashion! And I never felt like they were out to rip me off."
When you are looking for a reliable and experienced team of Reno HVAC experts, look no further than Sierra Air Inc. Their NATE-certified technicians have the training and skill necessary to handle virtually any issue you may be having with your system. Residential or commercial, large property or small, this is the team you want handling the job. They have everything you need to provide maintenance, repair, replacement, and installation services for heaters, air conditioners, ductless mini-splits, indoor air quality systems, and more. As a Carrier Factory Authorized Dealer, they work tirelessly to ensure that you always get the best products available on the market. Call today to schedule your estimate. Sierra Air Inc. is one of the few companies in the area to offer 24/7 emergency services!
"Love Sierra Air! They take care of all my HVAC, plumbing, vents, and ducts."
Robert S on July 2025
When you are looking for a reliable and experienced team of Reno HVAC experts, look no further than Sierra Air Inc. Their NATE-certified technicians have the training and skill necessary to handle virtually any issue you may be having with your system. Residential or commercial, large property or small, this is the team you want handling the job. They have everything you need to provide maintenance, repair, replacement, and installation services for heaters, air conditioners, ductless mini-splits, indoor air quality systems, and more. As a Carrier Factory Authorized Dealer, they work tirelessly to ensure that you always get the best products available on the market. Call today to schedule your estimate. Sierra Air Inc. is one of the few companies in the area to offer 24/7 emergency services!
"Love Sierra Air! They take care of all my HVAC, plumbing, vents, and ducts."
Hawthorne Plumbing, Heating & Cooling is your local Reno plumbing company, capable of handling a wide range of plumbing problems for homeowners throughout the area. From water heater replacement to showerhead installation to toilet repairs, trenchless sewer replacement, and even full system maintenance, their team of highly-trained plumbers has the skill and expertise to get the job done. They are always available to assist you with your plumbing needs—they even offer 24/7 emergency plumbing services for your peace of mind! Plus, they stand behind all of their superior workmanship with extended warranties and their “if there’s any delay, it’s you we pay” guarantee. Locally-owned and operated, Hawthorne Plumbing, Heating & Cooling understands the importance of customer service. Because of this, their Reno plumbers do everything possible to ensure that your service is a pleasant experience. They’ll arrive on time and will keep their workspace clean throughout the duration of the project. The team is happy to provide answers to your questions, as well as professional, honest recommendations along with their top-quality installations, repairs, replacements, and tune-up services. They’ve built their reputation on integrity and quality; find out how Hawthorne Plumbing, Heating & Cooling can help you with your Reno plumbing needs today!
"It went well."
Eric M on September 2025
Hawthorne Plumbing, Heating & Cooling is your local Reno plumbing company, capable of handling a wide range of plumbing problems for homeowners throughout the area. From water heater replacement to showerhead installation to toilet repairs, trenchless sewer replacement, and even full system maintenance, their team of highly-trained plumbers has the skill and expertise to get the job done. They are always available to assist you with your plumbing needs—they even offer 24/7 emergency plumbing services for your peace of mind! Plus, they stand behind all of their superior workmanship with extended warranties and their “if there’s any delay, it’s you we pay” guarantee. Locally-owned and operated, Hawthorne Plumbing, Heating & Cooling understands the importance of customer service. Because of this, their Reno plumbers do everything possible to ensure that your service is a pleasant experience. They’ll arrive on time and will keep their workspace clean throughout the duration of the project. The team is happy to provide answers to your questions, as well as professional, honest recommendations along with their top-quality installations, repairs, replacements, and tune-up services. They’ve built their reputation on integrity and quality; find out how Hawthorne Plumbing, Heating & Cooling can help you with your Reno plumbing needs today!
We're dedicated to providing our clients with the very best in service, installation, and repair for all phases of your boiler needs. We specialize in a variety of residential and commercial services and take pride in the attention to detail put into each of the projects we're involved with. We're known for our quality work and the integrity of our business. We look forward to building long-term relationships with our clients, and guarantee your satisfaction. 24/7 Service!
We're dedicated to providing our clients with the very best in service, installation, and repair for all phases of your boiler needs. We specialize in a variety of residential and commercial services and take pride in the attention to detail put into each of the projects we're involved with. We're known for our quality work and the integrity of our business. We look forward to building long-term relationships with our clients, and guarantee your satisfaction. 24/7 Service!
Welcome to LINCOLN HEATING & AIR, proudly servicing RENO, SPARKS and the surrounding areas. Our promise is to "Make Every Penny Count!" You can call us at (775) 557-7234. We look forward to serving you!
"We had the heater, air conditioning and water heater replaced at the same time. They were easy to work with , showed up on time , kept us informed on the progress, completed the work on time and cleaned up before they left. The sales representative, the scheduler, and the crew that did the work , were polite and professional,."
Roger C on October 2022
Welcome to LINCOLN HEATING & AIR, proudly servicing RENO, SPARKS and the surrounding areas. Our promise is to "Make Every Penny Count!" You can call us at (775) 557-7234. We look forward to serving you!
"We had the heater, air conditioning and water heater replaced at the same time. They were easy to work with , showed up on time , kept us informed on the progress, completed the work on time and cleaned up before they left. The sales representative, the scheduler, and the crew that did the work , were polite and professional,."
Hawthorne Plumbing, Heating, & Cooling, is the most reliable company for your home improvement needs. We make sure that you get the kind of service that you deserve from start to finish. We specialize in all phases of HVAC, including central air conditioning installation, replacement, and repair. We are your one stop shop for all of your air conditioning needs for this hot summer! Please call us today!
"The installation looks solid. The unit I received is somewhat less efficient than the one I was expecting. However, the system was ready to install quickly and the installation was done in a single day. Overall, very good."
Joe M on March 2023
Hawthorne Plumbing, Heating, & Cooling, is the most reliable company for your home improvement needs. We make sure that you get the kind of service that you deserve from start to finish. We specialize in all phases of HVAC, including central air conditioning installation, replacement, and repair. We are your one stop shop for all of your air conditioning needs for this hot summer! Please call us today!
"The installation looks solid. The unit I received is somewhat less efficient than the one I was expecting. However, the system was ready to install quickly and the installation was done in a single day. Overall, very good."
Heating & Air conditioning, specialize in VRF units, Repair, Install, Maintenance.
Heating & Air conditioning, specialize in VRF units, Repair, Install, Maintenance.
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FAQs for heating and air conditioning service projects in Reno, NV
Knowing how long your existing HVAC units can last is essential to determine if you need a repair or replacement. Typically, most modern air conditioning units can last between 15 to 20 years, and most furnaces can work properly for 15 to 30 years. If your HVAC system is on the older side and you decide to replace one unit, it might make sense to replace both simultaneously to save on costs and future hassle.
While different HVAC contractors might offer higher or lower prices than competitors, the best time to replace your HVAC system is when customer demand is low. The beginning of summer and the beginning of winter bring the most demand for HVAC systems, so if you can, consider replacing your HVAC units in the early spring or fall. Many HVAC companies offer special off-season coupons that help lower the overall cost.
The average cost to hire an HVAC contractor is between $50 and $150 per hour if charging hourly. However, some HVAC contractors will charge a flat fee by the type of service they are performing—for example, an inspection can cost between $150 to $500. Keep in mind that emergency repairs—which are made after business hours or around major holidays—generally cost more than scheduled repairs.
Yes, most states require HVAC technicians to be certified, and for good reason. Hiring an unlicensed HVAC technician could lead to poor quality work, costly future expenses, and potential code violations.
As you browse our pro listings, take note of the “Angi Approved” badge. Angi Approved businesses meet our standards for certification which include:
The owner, principal, or relevant manager passed a criminal background check
Required to have applicable state and local licenses
Maintain an average star rating of 3.0 or better on our network, if they have at least one review
Paying to advertise their services
Meeting any other eligibility criteria required by Angi
Keep in mind licensing is different from certifications. A license is a legal requirement to operate a business, while certifications are voluntary.
The average cost of HVAC repairs is around $350. However, that price can be as low as $100 or as high as $2,000 or more, depending on the repair. For example, replacing a capacitor is a relatively inexpensive repair, ranging from $100 to $500. However, a compressor repair is a more expensive repair, ranging from $750 to $2,000.
The Reno, NV homeowners’ guide to heating and air conditioning services
From average costs to expert advice, get all the answers you need to get your job done.
A swamp cooler offers cool, moist air and costs less than an air conditioner. Learn about the costs of swamp coolers based on your home size and type of unit.
Considering a heat pump to reduce monthly heating and cooling bills? Find out geothermal heat pump costs based on system type, capacity, and other factors.