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Wood windows fall in the middle of the window frame materials when it comes to energy efficiency. They’re more insulating than aluminum and vinyl, but they aren’t as efficient as fiberglass or composite frames. If you love the look and lifespan of wood windows and want to maximize efficiency, you can upgrade to double-pane or triple-pane glass and consider window tinting and low-emissivity (low-E) coatings to minimize heat transfer.

Yes, storm windows should be tempered. According to the International Association of Certified Home Inspectors, tempered glass is stronger and can withstand temperatures higher than laminated glass. Tempered glass is important for storm windows because it protects against outside elements and household accidents by not producing sharp, jagged pieces when it breaks or shatters.

In short, it depends. After 20 years, the glass in your windows is less energy efficient, which can cause increased electricity bills. You might also see signs of water damage or natural wear and tear over the years. However, with proper maintenance, some window frames can last up to 50 years, so you may only need to replace the glass to save on energy. 

At the same time, window replacement is a major investment, so replacing the glass in rooms most impacted by outdoor temperatures is one way to avoid going all-in to replace your windows.

According to the U.S. Department of Energy, low-E windows can reduce energy loss by 30% to 50%. But the actual effect of low-E windows in your home will depend on many factors, like climate, number of windows, window treatments, and more. In terms of aesthetics, you may or may not notice a difference in how your windows look or how much natural light shines through. But overall, low-E windows look very similar to traditional windows.