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Plaster ceilings can sag for several reasons. In some cases, the plaster and other building materials shift and come apart over time, which is why you’ll commonly find drooping plaster ceilings in older homes. Improper installation, foot traffic, and water damage—often from a leaky roof or a broken pipe—can also cause plaster ceilings to sag.

All plaster walls will crack over time due to normal house settling and expansion and contraction from temperature and moisture changes. Small, thin hairline cracks are generally not serious and are mostly a cosmetic issue. However, larger or more significant cracks can indicate structural problems.

Here's how to tell the difference:

• Cosmetic Cracks: Cracks that are 0.5 cm (0.2 inches) or thinner are typically cosmetic.

• Structural Cracks: Cracks wider than 0.5 cm, excessive or deep cracks, multiple cracks in the same area, or cracks that span around corners can signify a structural or foundation issue. Cracks along the joints where walls meet the ceiling also warrant attention.

For cracks wider than 0.5 cm, structural repair is needed. If a crack is 2.5 cm (1 inch) or wider, or if you notice any signs of a structural problem, it is best to contact a plaster repair professional to assess the damage.

If you only have tiny holes in your drywall (for example, dents or nail marks), you probably won’t need a patch kit. Instead, you can plug the hole with a small amount of spackle. Once the spackle dries, you can sand the area and paint over it—just like you would in the steps outlined above.

Yes, as drywall mud is going to have some uneven spots and bumps after application. Such imperfections are going to be visible after everything dries and even after you paint the wall, so you want to remove them. Learning how to sand drywall, taking your time, and following drywall sanding tips can help you have the best results.