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A pigtail is the only safe way to connect an electrical device to more than one circuit wire. Connecting multiple wires to a single screw terminal is extremely dangerous and must never be done. Many electricians will opt for pigtails even when there are multiple screw terminals available so that the device in question won’t halt the flow of downstream current when a problem arises. 

With AC wiring, which is the kind most likely you’ll find at home, the black wire is “hot,” and the white is “neutral.” The bare or green wire is considered the safety ground wire. If you encounter DC wiring, it’s relatively easy to tell positive or negative wires apart. red wires are used to indicate positive voltage and black wires indicate negative voltage.

No, both switches do not need to be on for a 3-way switch to work. When the two switches are in opposite positions, the circuit is open and the light is off. Flipping either switch closes the circuit and turns the light on. So, either switch can turn the light off independently, and both switches do not need to be in the same position for the switch to function.

Updating your old outlets, or adding grounding clamps to a metal box are two methods. Each home is different. Consult an electrician for advice on grounding a wire without doing extensive work to dig into the ground.