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It’s possible to distinguish a positive black wire from a negative black wire if you know what type of circuit the wires are in. If it’s an alternating current (AC), then black wires are positive. If it’s a direct current (DC), then black wires are negative. 

Sometimes, a circuit has two black wires. In that case, the positive black wire will be solid black while the negative black wire will have a white stripe on it. If you’re still unsure, you can use a multimeter to check.

Motion sensors are actually an eco-friendly option and don’t use as much electricity compared to other lighting sources. Motion sensor lights are always on “standby,” which requires a phantom source of power at all times, but for most sensor light models, this is only a small amount of electricity—typically around one watt of power.

No, sconces don’t have to be hardwired, but they can be for a more permanent solution. Sconces come in various styles, sizes, and finishes as well as types of installation. Plug-in wall sconces can be plugged into a nearby outlet, and battery-powered sconces can be mounted to the wall. 

You may be able to spot common electrical dangers yourself, but it’s best to hire an electrician to diagnose and fix the issue. For example, you may be able to DIY small electrical fixes, like replacing an electrical outlet, but major electric repairs or replacements should be left to a professional electrician.