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It’s possible to distinguish a positive black wire from a negative black wire if you know what type of circuit the wires are in. If it’s an alternating current (AC), then black wires are positive. If it’s a direct current (DC), then black wires are negative. 

Sometimes, a circuit has two black wires. In that case, the positive black wire will be solid black while the negative black wire will have a white stripe on it. If you’re still unsure, you can use a multimeter to check.

No, outdoor outlets are not required to be on a separate circuit. However, you should always defer to local electrical codes when making decisions about how to install your new outlet. An experienced local electrician will be able to inform you of all codes and requirements in place at your home.

Outdoor outlets should be at least 15-amp, but preferably 20-amp. The exact rating will depend on the electrical load of the devices that will be plugged into the outlet and the capacity of the circuit. It's important not to overload the circuit, which can cause safety hazards such as tripped breakers or electrical fires. In general, a circuit rated for at least 20 amps is recommended for outdoor outlets, while each outlet should be rated for at least 15 amps.

Burnt outlets can be caused by things such as faulty wiring, loose connections, or a circuit overload—and yes, they are extremely dangerous. If you notice your outlet is hot or has burn marks, you should shut off the power to it from the circuit breaker and immediately call an electrician.