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Yes, tree roots can regenerate after they’re pruned or cut. In fact, trimming can stimulate new growth, especially in healthy trees. The tree’s roots can still grow back even after a tree is cut down, (and learning how to get rid of regrowing tree roots is a separate feat). Still, if you don’t wish to harm a tree, pruning the roots should be done with extreme care, and ideally by a professional.

In most cases, you should not use a pruning seal on trees after trimming. Applying a sealant can interfere with the tree's natural healing process, and it does not guarantee protection from pathogens. Instead of sealing the cut, the best practice is to support the tree's natural recovery by providing it with plenty of water and a dormant-style fertilizer. However, there are exceptions. Pruning seals may be recommended for very vulnerable species, like elm trees, in areas where dangerous diseases such as Dutch elm disease are prevalent. In these specific situations, the protection offered by a sealant can outweigh its downsides. For advice tailored to your situation, especially after cutting large branches, it is best to consult a local tree trimming professional.

Yes, the same rules discussed above apply to your neighbor: They can trim one of your trees as long as they’re only cutting the portion that extends into their property. Your neighbor is not allowed to access your property without permission, nor can they cut past the property line. 

Most experts recommend removing a tree that has sustained more than 25% loss in the limbs, trunk, or circumference of the bark. Doing an initial trimming of damaged and dangling branches, but then waiting a few days of monitoring to decide how much more you might need to cut can help you better assess the total damage to the tree. However, consulting a tree maintenance pro to make this determination the best course of action before removing a tree.