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This depends on how old your home is and residential construction norms where you live. Most modern homes have outdoor shut-off valves, but many older homes have the water meter indoors. You're most likely to find this valve in the basement or utility closet if it's indoors. If you have an outdoor shut-off valve, it should be somewhere on the perimeter of your home.

The likely culprit is an air lock somewhere in your pipes. This is especially true if the warm water upstairs is accompanied by a decline in water flow. Other causes of this issue include frozen pipes, leaks, damaged supply lines, and more. There’s a simple DIY fix to try for air locks: Turn the hot water and cold water faucets on for a minute, then turn off the cold water and then the hot water. Repeat this process two or three times. 

Copper pipes are the safest type of pipe for carrying drinking water because they won't leach chemicals into your drinking water. However, for the best water quality, you should use copper pipes with lead-free joint material. The next best options for carrying drinking water are CPVC and PEX pipes.

If you use copper pipes for drinking water, you should check your water’s pH level. If it has a pH value lower than seven, you'll need to balance your water acidity with a purifier to avoid corrosion that could affect your drinking water quality. 

A back pressure valve is a control valve used on production vessels, such as separators, treaters, and free water knockouts. The valve holds pressure until a set point is reached, and then releases upstream pressure to reset. Back pressure valves are not safety mechanisms. Instead, they are regulators designed to keep the fluid, gas, or liquid mixture in a system at a certain pressure level to prevent bursts and other incidents.

Meanwhile, a backflow preventer is a safety mechanism that kicks in when the pressure has already failed and contaminated water flows in the reverse direction. Most backflow preventers consist of two one-way valves, or check valves assembled together. This design only allows water to pass through in one direction but not the other.