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Most of the time, normal foundation settling will present as thin cracks in the foundation and minor creaks in the floorboards. In contrast, you can identify foundation issues by wide or uneven foundation cracks, horizontal or step-shaped gaps on the foundation wall, or cracks that go around corners of your foundation. Foundation problems can also cause changes in your living area, like increased humidity, uneven or sloping floors, nail pops in drywall, countertops pulling away from the wall, and windows and doors getting stuck. When in doubt, call in a professional to identify the underlying cause.

Homeowners insurance doesn’t usually cover a sinking foundation. While insurance will cover some kinds of foundation damage, coverage is usually limited to damage from natural disasters, fire, or impact. Foundation sinking is rarely covered by insurance, so it’s a good idea to make repairs early on to avoid costly problems in the future.

Most houses are expected to settle over time, but foundation sinking of more than a few inches or uneven sinking of more than an inch for every 20 feet is cause for concern. Any significant or uneven sinking should be assessed by a professional to determine the cause and perform any necessary repairs. 

Most single-story homes don't have foundations strong enough to support a second story, but they can be reinforced for an addition. A structural engineer can assess your foundation and what needs to be done to get it ready. They'll look at any cracks or unevenness in your current foundation and consider any special framing or beams your home needs, especially if it’s in a high-wind or hurricane area.

“To support a second story, many structural engineers will require that you install additional concrete piers in the crawlspace,” says Tschudi. “This involves hand excavating, pouring a large concrete footing—usually with specially coated rebar—and then building concrete piers right up to the girders.”