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Installing sheets of plywood over attic insulation is a popular choice, especially in storage spaces. That said, insulation works by trapping hot air—so it needs extra space to expand and be effective, or you might reduce the energy efficiency of your home. 

It’s important that you never compress the insulation by installing flooring directly on top of it. In many houses, you’ll need to install a subfloor before putting plywood over insulation in your attic.

For standard 2x4 walls, the ideal insulation has an R-value between R-13 and R-15. This level of insulation, typically around 3.5 inches thick, fits well within the wall cavity. Common options include fiberglass batts and spray foam. The best choice for your home can depend on your climate; use R-value maps, like those from Energy Star, to determine the recommended level for your region. For colder climates, you might also consider adding exterior insulation for greater efficiency. Always check with your local building codes to ensure you meet any required standards.

While there are many different kinds of insulation, spray foam, blown-in, foam board, and batt and roll are the four types you’re most likely to see. That doesn’t mean they’re alike, though. Each one varies drastically in terms of cost, materials used, and how they’re installed—not to mention, how well they limit heat transfer.

Natural fiber batts and spray foam insulation both work great for soundproofing. Newer materials, such as hemp batts, are more expensive but more effective for insulation and sound blocking. They are also more sustainable. There is also a professional system called Blow-In Blanket Insulation (BIBS) that is soundproof and moisture-resistant. However, BIBS must be installed professionally and can be a costly investment.