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Scent deterrents like ammonia, vinegar, mothballs, and pepper can help keep coyotes away, but these are best used in tandem with other preventative measures. Remember that ammonia and vinegar can kill your plants and/or grass, so it’s best to soak rags in these substances or spray them on hardscaped areas to avoid damaging your landscape.

Homemade raccoon repellents can be a cost-effective and humane method for keeping raccoons off your property. Raccoons despise the smell of vinegar, so keeping a bowl of it near your home can keep them away. Some wildlife companies advise using cayenne pepper or hot sauce sprinkled near your deck or porch as another homemade option.

The cost of removing a hornets nest ranges from $300 to $400, depending on the size and location of the active nest. Bald-faced hornet removal costs more than the average—about $625 to $750. The price tag also depends on the eradication method, ranging from aerosol sprays and dusting to vacuuming and extermination.

While foxes may find them unpleasant, mothballs are not an effective deterrent. Additionally, mothballs are toxic for humans and animals and should never be used outside. They contain naphthalene or paradichlorobenzene, which are very harmful to the environment. Use safer, more reliable deterrents, or hire a professional wildlife control expert.