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Insulation can be made of cellulose, fiberglass, polyurethane, polystyrene, or mineral wool. Radiant barriers are often made of aluminum or other similarly reflective materials, but they will need to be paired with something else because they don’t provide heating benefits. Cellulose is among the most eco-friendly options and may be recycled when it’s past its shelf-life, whereas polyurethane and polystyrene both emit harmful compounds and will need to be handled with care during installation.

The best way to reduce heat upstairs is to release it by opening a window. Hot air rises, and if you can create some airflow by opening a window upstairs and also one on a lower level, the hot air should be pushed out of the home. Remember that fans pointing out the window do a much better job of circulating air than fans pointing into the home.

STC (Sound Transmission Class) is a rating that describes how well a building material or assembly blocks airborne sound. A higher STC rating means less noise will pass through the material, providing better sound reduction. This rating system applies to various building components, including windows, doors, flooring, drywall, and insulation.

For context, a typical single-pane window has an STC rating of around 25 (where normal conversations are audible), while a well-sealed, double-pane window can exceed STC 45 (blocking loud speech and most music). It is important to note that for some products, like soundproofing drywall, the STC rating refers to the entire wall system, not just the individual panel.

Additionally, STC ratings are most effective for measuring sound reduction at mid-to-high frequencies, such as human speech, and may not accurately reflect how well a material blocks low-frequency sounds like bass music or thunder. Because of these factors, it is recommended to consult a professional to determine the right STC-rated materials for your specific soundproofing needs.

At a minimum, blown-in insulation lasts 20 to 30 years. Cellulose and sheep’s wool come from natural materials, so they likely max out at around 30 years. Fiberglass and rockwool feature artificial materials that boast lengthy lifespans, up to 50 years, or even longer in some cases. As always, this timeline assumes you don’t run into any issues, such as flooding or mold, that shorten the lifespan.