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While most electrical items can be plugged into a GFCI outlet, some appliances with internal or stationary motors, such as refrigerators, vent fans, and fluorescent lighting, can cause nuisance tripping. This happens because they experience a small, normal amount of current leakage, which can cause the GFCI to trip even when the appliance is working correctly. Although this is not a safety hazard, it can be inconvenient and may cause the GFCI outlet to wear out faster. For this reason, it is often better to plug these types of appliances into a standard outlet. Additionally, electrical circuits over 100 feet long can sometimes cause tripping. Some appliances, like hair dryers, have their own built-in GFCI protection, so connecting them to a standard outlet is fine.

Yes, the National Electric Code (NEC) requires at least one GFCI outlet in each sectioned-off portion of an unfinished basement, partly to ensure a power source is available for a sump pump in case of flooding. If you install multiple outlets in your unfinished basement, all of them must be GFCI-protected. For finished basements, standard outlets are generally permitted, but at least one GFCI outlet is still required per circuit. Keep in mind that local municipalities may have additional codes, so it's best to consult a licensed electrician to ensure your home is fully compliant.

You can run a small or basic standard-size refrigerator on a 15-amp circuit. But you should plug a modern, standard-size refrigerator into a 20-amp dedicated circuit. The refrigerator needs to be on a dedicated circuit, meaning it is the only appliance and outlet on that circuit breaker. This method prevents tripping the breaker and reduces the chance of an electrical fire. 

They can vary—a lot. For example, while the EU continues to move toward broader standardization, many different types of outlets still exist from country to country. Some local standards cared about polarization, and some didn’t. It’s similar to other countries around the world.

Generally, you’re less likely to find polarized outlets outside North America. However, alternative plugs and outlets often incorporate precautions so that accidentally touching live prongs on a plug is hard or impossible. You may also find interesting regulations overseas that limit the use of outlets in bathrooms or near sinks to decrease the chance of shock.