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Underpinning is a specific type of foundation repair where a specialist installs deep piers under a foundation to provide additional support. This method is often used when the soil beneath the foundation can no longer evenly support the structure. Foundation repair is an umbrella term that includes many methods. Besides underpinning, other common repairs include foundation crack repair, waterproofing, cosmetic repairs, and concrete block wall stabilization. Often, underpinning is accompanied by other work to address the root cause of the foundation issue, such as regrading the yard to ensure water drains away from the house.

Most single-story homes don't have foundations strong enough to support a second story, but they can be reinforced for an addition. A structural engineer can assess your foundation and what needs to be done to get it ready. They'll look at any cracks or unevenness in your current foundation and consider any special framing or beams your home needs, especially if it’s in a high-wind or hurricane area.

“To support a second story, many structural engineers will require that you install additional concrete piers in the crawlspace,” says Tschudi. “This involves hand excavating, pouring a large concrete footing—usually with specially coated rebar—and then building concrete piers right up to the girders.”

The most cost-effective foundation repair is using masonry patches and sealants to seal foundation cracks and offer some support to prevent further damage. These methods are used to fix minor foundation cracks quickly. However, they’re not suitable as a long-term solution, and they only offer minimal stability. On average, masonry patches and sealants cost $500, but a sealant like an epoxy crack injection can total over $2,000. If you’re handy and only looking for a temporary solution until you contact a local foundation repair contractor for a more permanent one, you can save hundreds by DIYing this repair.

Yes, slab foundations can sink just like any other foundation type. Floating slabs are the most prone to differential settlement and foundation sinking because they sit directly on the surface of the earth. Slab foundations that have footings—including slab-on-grade foundations and monolithic slab foundations—get additional support from soil further down and are less likely to sink over time, especially under larger, heavier structures.