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Common signs that a septic tank is full include plumbing issues, odors, and changes in your yard. You may notice wastewater or sewage backing up into your home's drains, or that sinks, tubs, and toilets are draining slowly. Gurgling or bubbling sounds from the pipes are also a key indicator. Outside, you might smell foul sewage odors around your house or the septic tank area. Look for pooling water, spongy soil, or a marshy environment around the drain field. Another tell-tale sign is a patch of grass over the septic system that is suddenly lusher and greener than the rest of your lawn. If you notice any of these signs, you should contact a septic professional for an inspection and pumping.

Over time, your septic tank can accumulate a buildup of sludge at the bottom of the tank. If left unpumped and uncleaned, the sludge will back up into your pipes and home, causing failure and extensive (and smelly) damage. Repairs to your septic system can be costly, which is why regular maintenance is required. It takes about 30 minutes to pump a septic tank that’s 1,250 gallons or less or 1 hour for larger varieties.

There are three layers of wastewater in a septic tank: scum (solid waste that floats to the top of the wastewater), liquid (the relatively clean liquid wastewater in between the two other layers), and sludge (solid waste that falls to the bottom of the wastewater). The buildup of sludge is one of the main reasons septic tanks need to be pumped. If the tank is more than 1/3 of the way full with a combination of sludge and scum, it’s time to call a pro for pumping.

If you’re not using a septic system, problems with your home’s plumbing won’t cause this—it’s a city problem. A large blockage in the municipal sewage lines may cause those lines to back up into your home. This is extremely unpleasant and can be a serious health risk due to bacteria and other contaminants. If this occurs, call a pro (or your city) immediately.