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Generally, you should prune around 20% of an apple tree’s growth—and never more than 30%. This means that if you have a severely overgrown tree, it can take a few seasons to prune it back enough to produce the healthiest fruit. 

If you’re dealing with a newly planted or juvenile tree, hold off on pruning beyond the initial shaping. Wait at least a couple of seasons into fruit production since pruning can increase the number of water sprouts and unproductive foliage.

Depending on the severity of the damage, a tree might continue healing for years after a split or a break. Saplings can usually bounce back in the spring in one or two seasons, but larger trees might take a few years to regain their former strength. If your tree is showing strong growth and is not dropping limbs, you can consider it healed after the first two seasons.

The recovery time for pruning depends on how much you prune, the species of tree, and how well you care for it afterward. All trees grow new wood and often sprout additional branches after pruning. Ideally, trees should recover from normal pruning after one or two years. Heavy pruning or slow-growing trees may take several years to fully recover.

It is possible to cut down a tree on your property yourself, but it is generally not recommended unless specific conditions are met. You should only consider this project if the tree is small (e.g., under 4-5 inches in diameter and short enough that you don't need a ladder to reach the branches), and you are experienced in handling a chainsaw. The tree must also be located far from any power lines, fences, homes, or other structures. Even for small trees, the work can be dangerous, and it's always advisable to have a spotter to ensure the tree falls correctly and no branches fall on you.

For any tree that is large, requires a ladder to access, or is near electrical lines or structures, you should always hire a professional. Attempting to remove a large tree yourself is extremely dangerous, poses a risk of serious injury, and could result in significant damage to your property.

Before any tree removal, it's also important to check your local and state regulations to ensure the tree is not historic or otherwise protected by your city.