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Yes, you can have a toilet without a septic tank. However, it will have to be a composting toilet. Composting toilets work similarly to aerobic septic systems in that the waste, which sits in a separate compartment below the toilet itself, is slowly broken down by aerobic bacteria. These toilets typically have a vent to get rid of harmful gasses with a fan, which requires a battery. You will have to dispose of waste in the toilet manually every three weeks to every three months, depending on how many people are using the toilet.

Generally, toilet leaking is not an emergency unless the leakage is severe. However, any leakage at the bottom should be addressed as soon as possible because it could lead to water damage to the floors, under the tiles, or into the walls. Leaks at the bottom can also lead to mold growth if unaddressed.

Small bathroom renovation costs don’t have to break the bank. A $5,000 budget is realistic, provided you're not adding luxurious fittings or making complex layout changes. Changing the layout is the most costly aspect of renovating a bathroom. So if you keep the layout, do some of the job DIY (within your skillset), and use relatively affordable fixtures and accessories, you should be able to stay within your budget.

A standard toilet flange should fit snugly into the outflow pipe and sit level with the subfloor. Installing a new one without first removing the old one will make it impossible to form a seal and keep the toilet bowl bolted securely in place. 

However, if you’re dealing with leakage or wobbling because you’ve installed a new type of bathroom tile (making the floor taller), you may be able to avoid fully replacing the flange by opting for a toilet flange extender. Extenders typically come in kits for easy DIY installation, fit over the existing flange, and bring the drain connection higher.