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Yes, including the frame instead of just referring to the glass opening for window dimensions is the standard. However, some manufacturers may refer to the rough opening instead of the framed opening when listing sizes. Always confirm which measurement a manufacturer is using before ordering windows.

The type of casement window you have depends on where the hinges are located, the number of sashes, the style, and how the windows open. Single casement windows are popular casement windows that use a handle or crank to open. If you have two casement windows side by side, you likely have double casement windows. 

Windows that swing inward can tip you off to having in-swing casement windows, while windows that open from the bottom and swing outwards are top-hinged. If you can open your windows by pushing them outwards like a door, you may have a type of push-out window.

Whether or not it's worth it to install double-hung windows depends on several key factors. First, double-hung windows cost more than single-hung windows, so if you’re looking to lower costs, you might find it more worthwhile to choose single-hung windows. If you want the lowest maintenance requirements, though, double-hung windows are easier to clean.

Double-hung windows also offer better ventilation, making them a good option for bathrooms and kitchens. Single-hung windows have better energy efficiency than double-hung windows because they have only one moving part.

Whether you need a permit to install a bay window depends on the project's scope. Replacing an existing bay window typically does not require a permit. However, if you are adding a new bay window, requirements can vary. Adding a new bay window to the front of your house usually requires a building permit, while adding one to the side or back of your house often does not. It's always best to check with your local municipality to confirm the specific requirements in your area. Additionally, if you live in a historic district, you should consult your neighborhood association to ensure your project complies with their construction guidelines. If you're unsure about the process, a professional can provide guidance.