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Common hardscaping materials include coated steel or iron, asphalt, stone, concrete, and brick. Coated steel or iron provide durability and style for fences and gates while asphalt is a wallet-friendly option for driveways. Stone brings timeless beauty to steps, patios, and walkways. Concrete pavers and slabs are cost-effective, though they require more upkeep than stone alternatives. For a classic, upscale look, brick works beautifully in walls, walkways, and patios. Each material brings its own charm, so pick what fits your budget, style, and functional needs.

Also called metal pressing, metal stamping involves placing a metal sheet into a stamping press to create a desired shape using custom tooling. Ideal for mass production, stamping creates coining, embossing, and flanging effects when shaping metal. Meanwhile, sheet metal fabrication is a more cost-effective option ideal for one-off or low-volume projects because it doesn't require custom tooling.

The most idyllic building material that encapsulates the feel of Federal architecture is a brick facade, often with bricks alternating between long side and short side. Palladium and arched transom windows are also prevalent, as are flat, white window lintels. More ornate Federal architecture buildings also include columns on either side of the front door. More important than most of the finer details, though, is the symmetry from the exterior. On the interior, ornate plaster moldings and plaster ceiling medallions are indicative of the style.

Brass that is turning black is experiencing oxidation, a reaction caused by exposure to air. The oxygen found in air reacts with the metal and begins to cause discoloration that will become darker and more widespread with time. Regular cleaning will remove oxidation and prevent it from progressing on brass items.