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The best time to transplant a tree is when it is dormant. For many trees, this means either in the fall after the leaves have dropped (around October or November) or in early spring before new growth begins (around March). The ideal timing can depend on the type of tree. Deciduous trees do well when moved in early spring or fall, while evergreens are best transplanted in early spring or late summer. For example, pine trees are best moved in early fall, but maples prefer late fall. Avoid transplanting in winter, as the frozen or hard, cold soil poses a significant risk to the roots and prevents the tree from acclimating properly.

The depth of tree roots depends on the species. Trees like oaks and maples can have root systems that grow down 20 feet or more. However, trees that grow in shallow soils will have roots that go only a few feet down. Research how your tree species grows in your climate area to estimate root depth.

Generally, you’ll want to prune back the trunk by 1 to 2 feet each year to promote bushy growth. Doing so concentrates vegetative buds closer to the bottom of the tree, where you can easily harvest fruit. For side shoots that are a year old, leave at least six leaves. 

Never remove more than 30% of a tree’s foliage during pruning—even if your tree is really overgrown. Removing this much foliage at a time could kill your tree.

Pruning is an effective way to prevent a diseased branch from infecting the rest of the tree. If the infection isn’t caught early enough and the pathogen has spread to the trunk or the majority of the branches though, it is too late to prune off the affected areas and you’ll likely need to remove the tree.