How to Calculate the R-Value of Insulating Material
R-value describes the thermal resistance of an insulation material.
To calculate R-value, divide the thickness of a material by its thermal conductivity.
Many common insulation materials will list the R-value on the packaging.
Understanding how to calculate R-value is essential, no matter what climate you live in. If you're building or remodeling your home or just trying to determine its energy efficiency, knowing what R-value you need and how to achieve it will save money and effort. Here's what you need to know about R-value and how to calculate it.
What R-Value Do You Need?
The cost of insulation ranges widely between $0.40 and $6.75 per square foot. Determining the ideal amount of R-value your home or project needs can help keep you from spending more than necessary or installing too little.
Additionally, understanding R-value calculations can also help you determine if your home has poor insulation and how you can fix it.
The R-value your home needs varies based on your climate and the area you’re insulating. Your municipality governs the building codes that require you to install at least the minimum amount necessary when altering your house or replacing insulation.
Warmer locations require less R-value, while colder ones require more. However, all climate areas require between R30 and R60 in attics and between R13 and R21 in exterior walls.
How to Calculate R-Value
In technical terms, R-value is the measurement of thermal resistance of any building material you'll find in your home. In practical terms, R-value can simply mean how well it insulates. A higher R-value reflects a more robust insulating ability than a lower R-value.
Calculating the R-value of any material, including insulation, involves dividing its thickness by its thermal conductivity.
R-value = ∆T x Area x Time / Heat Loss
Here’s a look at the average thermal conductivity for some common building materials:
| Building Material | Thermal Conductivity (average) |
|---|---|
| Plywood | 0.14 |
| Chipboard | 0.15 |
| Concrete | 1.40 |
| Exposed brick | 0.84 |
| Glass | 1.05 |
| Plaster | 0.46 |
| Drywall | 0.20 |
Fortunately, most insulation products make things easy for you and will list the R-value on the packaging. Here are the R-values for the most common insulation materials.
| Material | R-Value |
|---|---|
| Cellulose | 2.4–2.8 |
| Fiberglass | 3.0–4.0 |
| Mineral wool | 2.5–3.3 |
| Polystyrene | 2.6–3.6 |
| Spray foam | 3.5–7.0 |
How to Measure the R-Value of a Material
If you need to determine the R-value of the existing insulation in your home, you can estimate it by multiplying the thickness of the material in inches by the R-value per inch for the material.
How to Measure the R-Value of Multi-Layered Material
If you're looking to determine the total R-value of a wall or similar structure, you'll need to account for all the materials in that structure. For example, the total R-value of an exterior wall includes the cumulative R-value of the drywall, vapor barrier, insulation, sheathing, and the exterior siding.
To get your measurement, calculate the R-value of each material and add them together.
Who to Hire to Insulate Your Home
Determining the precise amount of R-value in your home can get complex, but pros who install insulation have the tools and experience to pull it off. And a local insulation company will have intimate knowledge of the building code requirements for insulation in your location.
Heavily exceeding building code requirements for insulation not only wastes money on materials but can also lead to ventilation and moisture problems. In most cases, the minimum amount of insulation required by code is perfectly adequate.
How to dispose of insulation depends on a few factors, including the condition of the material. While you can simply bag up and throw away many kinds of insulation, some municipalities offer recycling, so it's worth checking with yours. If there are contaminants such as asbestos in your insulation, abatement and specialized disposal are often necessary.
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