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Most households will need to pump their septic tank every three to five years. If you have a smaller tank or more people living in your home, you’ll likely be on the lower end of this spectrum (with less time between pumpings)—and vice versa if you have a bigger tank or live alone. On average, a professional septic tank pump costs $400.

You can check your own septic tank, but take precautions. Locate the access lid, usually buried a few inches underground, and remove it carefully. Look for the sludge and scum levels, and if they’re high, that means pumping may be necessary. Check for odors, slow drains, or pooling water around the drain field, which could indicate issues. Never enter the tank, as toxic gases can be fatal. All of that being said, a professional inspection is safer and more thorough.

All municipalities in the U.S. require a permit for septic tank installation or septic system alteration, and the permit will usually cost between $450 and $2,500. Some municipalities also require permits for septic system repair. You’ll either need to contact your local building department or your septic tank company to ask if this is necessary before carrying out the work. Permits are not typically required to have your septic tank pumped, so provided your septic company is licensed, you can move forward with the work as needed.

Common problems include clogs, leaks, and drain field failures. Regular maintenance helps prevent major issues.