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From the underwriter to the home inspector, the team working to help you buy a house is there to make sure it is a sound financial decision and that the house is worth what you're paying for it. 

A sale can fall through when a mortgage lender discovers the cost of the home plus closing costs is too high for your current financial status. Another potential issue is that an inspector or appraiser can find issues with the home that halt the sale if the offer is far higher than what it's worth.

Ideally, you’d never pay more than the appraised value for a home, but there are some instances where it makes sense to do so. For example, if your current living arrangements are no longer viable and you need a place to move into quickly, paying more than the appraised value might be in your best interest to secure a new home. Additionally, if you’re buying in a hot market, overpaying for the home might be necessary to overcome the competition.

No, the appraisal value comes from an appraiser and is a professional opinion of value based on property location and condition, while the market value is determined solely by what buyers are willing to pay for your home. Lenders normally use appraised values to ensure they’re staying within target loan-to-value (LTV) ratios—the market value is simply what the home sells for. Appraised value can sit above or below market value.

In most cases, no, a seller cannot negotiate after an appraisal if they signed an offer agreement. The only exception would be if there was a contingency in the offer that stated that the offer acceptance was contingent on the appraisal amount. If that’s the case, the seller can negotiate a higher sale price to match the appraised amount. If the appraised amount comes in below the sale price, both sides have to agree to negotiate, but there may be no other option since the buyer’s lender might not approve the higher amount.