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Some causes of brown well water—like excess tannins or dissolved iron—don’t pose a health risk. In other cases, harmful bacteria might be the culprit. If your well water has suddenly turned brown, it’s a good idea to use a home water test kit to get a better sense of what’s going on with your water. Consider calling a professional for an expert opinion before drinking the water and hoping for the best.

While not all homes built before 1978 contain lead paint, enough do, so you’ll still want to test to be on the safe side. The federal government banned lead-based paint for homes in 1978, but your state may have banned lead before that time. Around 24% of homes built between 1960 and 1977 contained lead-based paint, while 87% of homes built before 1940 contained lead-based paint.

Lead toxicity comes from inhaling lead or consuming it. Before the 1980s, when the government banned lead from consumer use, it could be found in paint, plumbing, pipes, ceramics, and even gasoline. Lead paint is toxic for the same reason lead itself is toxic, which is why lead poisoning from paint presents the same as lead poisoning from water or food sources, with a slight increase in respiratory symptoms vs. digestive symptoms. Lead paint is most dangerous when it’s old and peeling, cracking, or otherwise disturbed. This increases the concentration in the air and, therefore, in breathable air. 

According to the EPA, there is no safe level of lead in the blood, and so the maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG) for lead in water is zero. Even at low levels, lead is harmful to human health. It can also remain in the body and build up over time with repeated exposure.