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Yes, you can pour the footings for your foundation and the foundation system itself together, in which case the footing acts as the foundation. Some common examples of foundations where you might pour the footings simultaneously include floating slab foundations and monolithic slab foundations. Both lack traditional footings underneath the slab, so these foundation types are considered footings.

Through proper drainage solutions and compacting the foundation soil.

It’s possible to pour concrete if the temperatures are expected to dip below freezing at night, but you need to take some special precautions before you do. Most importantly, you need to make sure your concrete won’t freeze, so the best thing to do is enclose the area and heat it. You should also make sure you’re using cold-weather concrete that’s designed for pouring in cold weather. Use accelerants to help speed up the curing process and avoid cold temperatures from resulting in weak concrete.

It's safe to assume that all exterior walls are load-bearing, or at least have load-bearing characteristics. Some older homes feature porches or bump-outs that don't rest on the home's foundation. However, they still must carry the weight of the roof section they support. Walls containing floor-to-ceiling glass or other non-structural elements must use post and beam configurations to meet load-bearing criteria.