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There’s no difference between a “slab foundation” and a “slab-on-grade foundation,” and contractors and homeowners use the terms synonymously. “Slab foundation” is just a shortened version of “slab-on-grade.” In both cases, the homebuilder will pour the concrete foundation into a mold they build directly on the ground. As such, these foundations require no expensive excavation.

Yes—as long as the area has been properly prepped. Different self-leveling brands and compounds have their own specific instructions for preparation; some may require that you add primer or grind the surface. Without proper preparation of the surface, the compound will not be able to fully bond to the concrete and fill the cure as a separate layer, which makes it prone to chipping.

Ideally, your concrete should set slightly above ground at an angle sloping away from the fence post. This will add extra support and allow water to run away from the wood fence post. Keeping water out will help prevent wood rot. Additionally, you can add soil on top of the concrete for a seamless finish. 

It’s possible to pour concrete if the temperatures are expected to dip below freezing at night, but you need to take some special precautions before you do. Most importantly, you need to make sure your concrete won’t freeze, so the best thing to do is enclose the area and heat it. You should also make sure you’re using cold-weather concrete that’s designed for pouring in cold weather. Use accelerants to help speed up the curing process and avoid cold temperatures from resulting in weak concrete.