Field Elm vs. Siberian Elm: What’s the Difference?

There are up to 40 different species of Elm trees worldwide, but the field elm and Siberian elm are two species commonly found across the United States. Both elm types are deciduous trees and have some similarities that can make them tricky to tell apart, especially when they’re young.

Let’s explain what is a field elm vs. a Siberian elm by comparing their appearance, growth, and climate differences.

What are the Differences Between a Field Elm vs. Siberian Elm?

As these trees mature, some characteristics make it easier to identify a field elm from a Siberian elm. Here is a breakdown of the elm differences:

Field Elm vs. Siberian Elm: Differences in Appearance

Once these two types of elms reach maturity, it is much easier to tell them apart because they have differences in their appearance, such as size, color, and shape. Here are the distinct appearance differences to look for when tidentifying a field elm or a Siberian elm tree. 

Tree Size

The size difference between a field elm vs. Siberian elm is considerably noticeable. According to North Carolina State University, the field elm can get significantly taller than a Siberian elm, reaching heights of up to 90 feet tall. In comparison, the Siberian elm is a medium-sized tree that grows to 50 to 70 feet tall.

However, the Siberian elm’s canopy spread is wider, reaching up to 50 feet, while field elms are between 30 and 40 feet wide.

Leaf Size and Shape

The leaf size and patterns can help distinguish these two elms. The field elm features glossy green elliptical to oblong leaves that are between 3 and 6 inches long and 1 to 3 inches wide. 

The Siberian elm has dark green oval to lanceolate-shaped leaves that are between 1 and 3 inches long and less than 1 inch wide. Although both the tree's leaves are doubly serrated, another distinctive feature is that the field elm’s leaves have hairs present, but the Siberian elm does not.

Bark Color and Texture

When trying to identify the difference between a field elm vs. Siberian elm, take a close look at the bark’s color and texture. The bark of a field elm tree is dark gray to brown in color. Its texture is rough and has furrows that form into a block pattern as the tree ages.

The bark of a Siberian elm tree is usually gray to brown and has a rough, furrowed texture. The North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Tool Box states that the furrows are often streaked with stains caused by bacterial wetwood.

Shape

The shape of each tree can help determine which type is in your yard. The Siberian elm has an open crown that grows in a rounded or spreading shape. The branches can extend widely, giving it a somewhat wild appearance.

The field elm has a more upright and symmetrical form. In younger trees, its crown is generally more conical or oval. It also appears more dense because the branches are more closely spaced.

While both trees can grow to significant heights and can have broad canopies, the field elm has a more structured appearance, and the Siberian elm often appears more rugged and irregular.

Difference in Climate Conditions Between a Field Elm vs. Siberian Elm

Although both of these elms love standing in plenty of sunlight, they have different preferences as far as their growing conditions. The Siberian elm is much more resilient to extreme temperatures and drought conditions, making it suitable for a wider range of climates and soil types.

While the field elm prefers milder temperatures and well-drained, moist soil, the Siberian Elm can adapt to dry, poor soil conditions.

Lifespan Differences

One of the biggest differences in a field elm vs. Siberian elm is their lifespan. In their native habitats, field elm trees can live up to 500 years, but Siberian elms tend to last between 50 and 150 years. One reason Siberian elms have a shorter life span is due to their rapid growth rate. However, they are more resistant to Dutch elm disease, which is easily spread to other elms by beetles.

Although these elms have long lifespans, properly maintaining them is vital to their health. It’s always best to have a professional tree trimming company to prune them to keep them in healthy shape.