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Applying a sealer or topcoat after staining wood is highly recommended, though not always strictly required. A sealer protects the wood from moisture, UV rays, and weather-related issues, which is especially important for outdoor surfaces like decks and fences. It also enhances the stain's durability, prevents fading over time, and gives the wood a cleaner, more professional-looking finish. For some indoor applications, a sealer may not be necessary, depending on the type of stain used and the level of protection needed. It's always best to check the stain manufacturer's recommendations and consider the wood's intended use and exposure when deciding whether to apply a sealer.

Wood stains last anywhere from two to five years, depending on exposure to the elements, your local climate, the type of stain, and the surface it’s on. For instance, vertical surfaces last longer than horizontal surfaces. Some types of woods, like dense hardwoods, will require a recoat yearly, as they are too dense for the stain to absorb. In any event, apply a recoat every 2 to 4 years. As for storage, a can of unopened stain can last up to 5 years, though results may vary.

The longevity of paint on wood depends on factors like the quality of the paint, surface preparation, exposure to elements, and maintenance. Exterior paint on wood surfaces can last 5 to 15 years or more with proper care and maintenance. Interior paint tends to have a longer life span, often 10 years or more. Regular cleaning, touch-ups, and addressing any issues like peeling or cracking can extend the life of the paint. 

Typically, a fence requires one to two coats of stain. The exact number can vary depending on the porosity of the wood. For specific guidance, it's best to check the manufacturer's instructions. After applying the first coat and letting it dry completely, you can assess the finish. If it appears patchy, uneven, or you want a more saturated color, a second coat is recommended. An extra coat can also help cover lap marks.