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You can apply stain over peeling stain, but it’s not a good idea. Your old stain will get in the way of your new stain bonding to the wood, so you’re likely going to see the same issue again shortly after application. Your best option is to sand off the old stain and clean the surface thoroughly before applying new stain.

Applying a sealer or topcoat after staining wood is highly recommended, though not always strictly required. A sealer protects the wood from moisture, UV rays, and weather-related issues, which is especially important for outdoor surfaces like decks and fences. It also enhances the stain's durability, prevents fading over time, and gives the wood a cleaner, more professional-looking finish. For some indoor applications, a sealer may not be necessary, depending on the type of stain used and the level of protection needed. It's always best to check the stain manufacturer's recommendations and consider the wood's intended use and exposure when deciding whether to apply a sealer.

The best time to stain a fence is when the weather is dry and temperatures are between 50 and 90 degrees Fahrenheit. Late spring, early summer, and fall are typically the best seasons for this project. You should avoid staining during very hot weather, like in the middle of summer, or when it is raining. Heat and moisture can cause the stain to dry unevenly. Likewise, if it's too cold, such as in winter or early spring, the stain may not be able to dry fully. Before you start, check the forecast to ensure there will be no rain and low humidity for at least a few days.

On most untreated wood fences, there is no need to sand before treating. You typically only need to sand if there’s an old coat of paint or stain on your fence. If you do need to sand off a previous paint or protective coating (like an old stain or sealant), use medium-grit sandpaper.