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A septic tank always has some amount of liquid in it—which should usually be 8 to 12 inches from the top of the tank. If the liquid level is higher than that or is overflowing the drainage pipe that leads out to the leach field, the tank may be too full and in need of pumping.

There are a few signs that indicate a failing drain field. For instance, if your septic tank starts requiring more pumping than normal, your drain field might be failing. Other signs to watch for include poor drainage after rain, standing water or sewage over the septic system, a strong septic smell outside, new and healthy grass growing over the drain field, and plumbing backups in your sinks, bathtubs, or toilets.

There are three layers of wastewater in a septic tank: scum (solid waste that floats to the top of the wastewater), liquid (the relatively clean liquid wastewater in between the two other layers), and sludge (solid waste that falls to the bottom of the wastewater). The buildup of sludge is one of the main reasons septic tanks need to be pumped. If the tank is more than 1/3 of the way full with a combination of sludge and scum, it’s time to call a pro for pumping.

To prevent septic tank problems, save on repair costs, and keep your home running smoothly, it's essential to perform regular maintenance. Have your septic system inspected by a professional every one to three years, or annually if possible, to spot potential issues before they develop. You should also have your tank pumped every three to five years, or more frequently if recommended by a professional based on your household's usage. Additionally, be mindful of what goes into your system. Avoid flushing items like paper towels, wet wipes, and feminine hygiene products. Do not dispose of other inappropriate substances, and try to avoid excessive water usage at a single time.