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It’s unlikely your leaves are a hazard, especially if you get to them while they’re dry. However, a couple of rare risks exist. University studies suggest that decaying leaves can produce organochlorines, toxic pollutants similar to man-made PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), so avoid keeping them in an enclosed area.

Also, leaves and compost may cause the growth of fungi that can cause diseases like histoplasmosis and aspergillosis, as well as mold spores that are unhealthy for human lungs. Again, severe issues are rare, but those with compromised immune systems or allergies to mold should wear face masks when directly handling leaves.

Dead trees are dangerous for several reasons. They are structurally compromised and prone to branch or trunk failure, which can pose a significant safety risk to people, vehicles, and nearby structures. Dead trees can also harbor pests like termites, which may spread to other trees or your home. If a tree died from a disease, it could spread the illness to healthy trees. Additionally, the dry wood is highly flammable, increasing fire risk.

A thorn bush isn’t likely to do serious damage, but it’ll definitely hurt if you get a thorn or two in your hand or arm. When removing thorn bushes, always wear thick gloves, long sleeves, and safety goggles to protect against thorns and dirt. If dealing with larger bushes or unfamiliar terrain, consider enlisting a helper for assistance.

In most cases, it’s better to remove rocks before adding mulch. Layering the two will restrict drainage and plant health, and can create an unpleasant texture underfoot.