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Your local building code will list all the framing requirements for whatever type of structure you're building. Most exterior walls require spacing of 16 inches on-center, while many non-load-bearing interior walls only require 24 inches of spacing. However, there are also varying requirements depending on your construction material, so checking your municipality's rules is essential.

There are a few options if you miss a stud. You can simply patch the hole with spackle, sand it down, repaint it, and then find the stud—essentially starting over. If you don’t want to do that, you can insert one of the more robust drywall anchor options and hang your item on that, but that will only work if the drywall is in excellent condition and the anchor is rated for the weight of the item you’re hanging on it. You may be able to cover the hole with the object itself once it’s mounted, but it’s still recommended to at least fill the hole to protect insulation and prevent vermin from entering.  

Cupping and bowing are both types of wood warping, but they affect the board in different ways. Cupping happens when the edges of a board curl upward or downward, creating a concave or convex shape across its width. Conversely, bowing is when the board curves along its length, forming a gentle arc. 

Yes, ceiling joists are typically load-bearing. However, their primary function is to support the weight of the ceiling and loads applied to it, like lighting fixtures and ceiling fans. They can also help support the roof, especially if they’re part of truss systems. Remember, the load-bearing capacity of ceiling joists depends on the material, size, and space between them.